Definition
Stress can come from any situation or thought that makes you feel frustrated, angry, or anxious. What is stressful to one person is not necessarily stressful to another.
Anxiety is a feeling of apprehension or fear. The source of this uneasiness is not always known or recognized, which can add to the distress you feel.
Alternative Names
Anxiety; Feeling uptight; Stress; Tension; Jitters; Apprehension
Considerations
Stress is a normal part of life. In small quantities, stress is good -- it can motivate you and help you be more productive. However, too much stress, or a strong response to stress, is harmful. It can set you up for general poor health as well as specific physical or psychological illnesses like infection, heart disease, or depression. Persistent and unrelenting stress often leads to anxiety and unhealthy behaviors like overeating and abuse of alcohol or drugs.
Emotional states like grief or depression and health conditions like an overactive thyroid, low blood sugar, or heart attack can also cause stress.
Anxiety is often accompanied by physical symptoms, including:
Twitching or trembling
Muscle tension, headaches
Sweating
Dry mouth, difficulty swallowing
Abdominal pain (may be the only symptom of stress, especially in a child)
Sometimes other symptoms accompany anxiety:
Dizziness
Rapid or irregular heart rate
Rapid breathing
Diarrhea or frequent need to urinate
Fatigue
Irritability, including loss of your temper
Sleeping difficulties and nightmares
Decreased concentration
Sexual problems
Anxiety disorders are a group of psychiatric conditions that involve excessive anxiety. They include generalized anxiety disorder, specific phobias, obsessive-compulsive disorder, and social phobia.
Common Causes
Certain drugs, both recreational and medicinal, can lead to symptoms of anxiety due to either side effects or withdrawal from the drug. Such drugs include caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cold remedies, decongestants, bronchodilators for asthma, tricyclic antidepressants, cocaine, amphetamines, diet pills, ADHD medications, and thyroid medications.
A poor diet can also contribute to stress or anxiety -- for example, low levels of vitamin B-12. Performance anxiety is related to specific situations, like taking a test or making a presentation in public. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) develops after a traumatic event like war, physical or sexual assault, or a natural disaster.
In very rare cases, a tumor of the adrenal gland (pheochromocytoma ) may be the cause of anxiety. The symptoms are caused by an overproduction of hormones responsible for the feelings of anxiety.
Home Care
The most effective solution is to find and address the source of your stress or anxiety. Unfortunately, this is not always possible. A first step is to take an inventory of what you think might be making you "stress out":
What do you worry about most?
Is something constantly on your mind?
Does anything in particular make you sad or depressed?
Then, find someone you trust (friend, family member, neighbor, clergy) who will listen to you. Often, just talking to a friend or loved one is all that is needed to relieve anxiety. Most communities also have support groups and hotlines that can help. Social workers, psychologists, and other mental health professionals may be needed for therapy and medication.
Also, find healthy ways to cope with stress. For example:
Eat a well-balanced, healthy diet. Don't overeat.
Get enough sleep.
Exercise regularly.
Limit caffeine and alcohol.
Don't use nicotine, cocaine, or other recreational drugs.
Learn and practice relaxation techniques like guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation, yoga, tai chi, or meditation. Try biofeedback, using a certified professional to get you started.
Take breaks from work. Make sure to balance fun activities with your responsibilities. Spend time with people you enjoy.
3 Temmuz 2007 Salı
Weakness ( Muscle Weakness )
Definition
Weakness is a reduction in the strength of one or more muscles. You may tired quickly.
Alternative Names
Lack of strength; Muscle weakness
Considerations
Weakness may be subjective (the person feels weak, but has no measurable loss of strength) or objective (measurable loss of strength as noted in a physical exam). Weakness may be generalized (total body weakness) or localized to a specific area, side of the body, limb, or muscle.
A subjective feeling of weakness may be associated with infectious diseases such as infectious mononucleosis and influenza.
Weakness is more notable when it occurs in only one area of the body (localized or focal weakness). Localized weakness may follow a stroke, exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, or trauma to a motor nerve root or peripheral nerve.
Common Causes
Measurable weakness may result from a variety of conditions including metabolic, neurologic, primary muscular diseases, and toxic disorders.
METABOLIC
Addison's disease
ThyrotoxicosisNEUROLOGIC
Stroke (often localized weakness)
Bell's palsy (weakness of one side of the face)
A nerve impingement syndrome such as a slipped disk in the spine
Multiple sclerosis (may be localized)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease; often begins localized, gradually progressing to generalized)
Cerebral palsy (localized weakness associated with spasticity)
Guillain-Barre syndromePRIMARY MUSCULAR DISEASES
Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)
Becker muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Dermatomyositis
TOXIC
Organophosphate poisoning (insecticides, nerve gas)
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
BotulismOTHER
Myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disorder that interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle)
Poliomyelitis ("polio" -- an infectious disease that damages motor neurons)
Home Care
Follow prescribed therapy for treating the underlying cause of the weakness.
Call your health care provider if
There is weakness confined to one area of the body.
There is prolonged, unexplained weakness.
You notice the sudden onset of weakness, particularly when it is localized and not accompanied by other complaints, such as fever.
You become suddenly quite weak following a typical viral illness.
What to expect at your health care provider's office
The medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed.
Medical history questions documenting the weakness in detail may include:
Time pattern
When did the weakness begin?
Did it begin with an illness or injury?
Did it occur suddenly or gradually?
Is the weakness worse in the morning or at night?
Is the weakness noticed only after strenuous activity or exercise?
Did it start following a typical viral illness, such as a cold?
Did it start after a vaccination?
Quality
Is the weakness constant or does it come and go, sometimes effecting different parts of your body?
Does the weakness affect breathing?
Does it affect talking, chewing, or swallowing?
Does it affect walking, climbing stairs, sitting, getting up?
Does it affect use of the hands, arms, or shoulders?
Is there pain with the weakness?
Is there numbness or tingling with the weakness?
Location
Is the weakness limited to a specific area?
Has the area of weakness increased or decreased?
Aggravating factors
What makes the weakness worse?
Physical activity
Rest
Hunger
Fatigue
Pain
Stress
Relieving factors
Does anything help relieve the weakness?
Rest
Eating
Pain relief
Other symptoms
What other symptoms are also present?
Fever
Injury
Pain
Numbness or tingling
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Headaches
Changes in vision
Change in skin color or temperature of the area affected
Change in mental state, alertness, or responsiveness
Additional important information
What medications are being taken?
Are there any known allergies?
Physical examination may include special attention paid to examination of heart, lungs, and thyroid gland. If there is localized weakness, the examination will focus on the nerve and muscle functions.
Diagnostic tests that may be performed include:
Thyroid function tests and other blood tests for endocrine disorders
Blood tests such as a CBC and electrolytes
Blood tests for autoimmune disorders
Urine tests (urinalysis)
Nerve conduction studies
Lumbar puncture (CSF collection)
MRI or CT scan of your head and spine
Muscle biopsy
Weakness is a reduction in the strength of one or more muscles. You may tired quickly.
Alternative Names
Lack of strength; Muscle weakness
Considerations
Weakness may be subjective (the person feels weak, but has no measurable loss of strength) or objective (measurable loss of strength as noted in a physical exam). Weakness may be generalized (total body weakness) or localized to a specific area, side of the body, limb, or muscle.
A subjective feeling of weakness may be associated with infectious diseases such as infectious mononucleosis and influenza.
Weakness is more notable when it occurs in only one area of the body (localized or focal weakness). Localized weakness may follow a stroke, exacerbation of multiple sclerosis, or trauma to a motor nerve root or peripheral nerve.
Common Causes
Measurable weakness may result from a variety of conditions including metabolic, neurologic, primary muscular diseases, and toxic disorders.
METABOLIC
Addison's disease
ThyrotoxicosisNEUROLOGIC
Stroke (often localized weakness)
Bell's palsy (weakness of one side of the face)
A nerve impingement syndrome such as a slipped disk in the spine
Multiple sclerosis (may be localized)
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease; often begins localized, gradually progressing to generalized)
Cerebral palsy (localized weakness associated with spasticity)
Guillain-Barre syndromePRIMARY MUSCULAR DISEASES
Muscular dystrophy (Duchenne)
Becker muscular dystrophy
Myotonic dystrophy
Dermatomyositis
TOXIC
Organophosphate poisoning (insecticides, nerve gas)
Paralytic shellfish poisoning
BotulismOTHER
Myasthenia gravis (an autoimmune disorder that interferes with the transmission of nerve impulses to muscle)
Poliomyelitis ("polio" -- an infectious disease that damages motor neurons)
Home Care
Follow prescribed therapy for treating the underlying cause of the weakness.
Call your health care provider if
There is weakness confined to one area of the body.
There is prolonged, unexplained weakness.
You notice the sudden onset of weakness, particularly when it is localized and not accompanied by other complaints, such as fever.
You become suddenly quite weak following a typical viral illness.
What to expect at your health care provider's office
The medical history will be obtained and a physical examination performed.
Medical history questions documenting the weakness in detail may include:
Time pattern
When did the weakness begin?
Did it begin with an illness or injury?
Did it occur suddenly or gradually?
Is the weakness worse in the morning or at night?
Is the weakness noticed only after strenuous activity or exercise?
Did it start following a typical viral illness, such as a cold?
Did it start after a vaccination?
Quality
Is the weakness constant or does it come and go, sometimes effecting different parts of your body?
Does the weakness affect breathing?
Does it affect talking, chewing, or swallowing?
Does it affect walking, climbing stairs, sitting, getting up?
Does it affect use of the hands, arms, or shoulders?
Is there pain with the weakness?
Is there numbness or tingling with the weakness?
Location
Is the weakness limited to a specific area?
Has the area of weakness increased or decreased?
Aggravating factors
What makes the weakness worse?
Physical activity
Rest
Hunger
Fatigue
Pain
Stress
Relieving factors
Does anything help relieve the weakness?
Rest
Eating
Pain relief
Other symptoms
What other symptoms are also present?
Fever
Injury
Pain
Numbness or tingling
Vomiting
Diarrhea
Weight loss
Headaches
Changes in vision
Change in skin color or temperature of the area affected
Change in mental state, alertness, or responsiveness
Additional important information
What medications are being taken?
Are there any known allergies?
Physical examination may include special attention paid to examination of heart, lungs, and thyroid gland. If there is localized weakness, the examination will focus on the nerve and muscle functions.
Diagnostic tests that may be performed include:
Thyroid function tests and other blood tests for endocrine disorders
Blood tests such as a CBC and electrolytes
Blood tests for autoimmune disorders
Urine tests (urinalysis)
Nerve conduction studies
Lumbar puncture (CSF collection)
MRI or CT scan of your head and spine
Muscle biopsy
Eye pain
Definition
Pain in the eye (that is not due to injury) may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also feel as if there is a foreign body in the eye.
Alternative Names
Ophthalmalgia; Pain - eye
Considerations
A feeling of tiredness in the eyes or some discomfort after a long period of work (eye strain) are generally minor problems and do not really qualify as eye pain. This may be due to an improper prescription for glasses or a muscle imbalance.
Pain in the eye, while not a common complaint, can be an important symptom that should be evaluated and treated if pain does not improve. It is important to try to describe the pain as much as possible.
Common Causes
A wide variety of disorders can cause pain in or around the eye. In general, if the pain is persistent, severe, or associated with decreased vision, seek medical attention. Any severe pain or pain associated with vision loss should be considered an emergency and seen immediately by a doctor.
Some of the problems that can cause eye pain are:
a problem in the eye itself (an infection, irritation, or injury such as a corneal abrasion)
a migraine headache (severe pain behind the eye)
sinus problems (pain either above or below the eye)
contact lens complications
eye surgery
a stye (hordeolum) can create eye pain that increases as the stye grows
conjunctivitis (pink eye) or any inflammation of the upper and lower lids
pain in both eyes, particularly upon exposure to bright light (photophobia) (common with many viral infections such as the flu; will go away as the infection improves)
glaucoma (a less-common type called narrow angle glaucoma can be very painful)
burns
Home Care
If the problem is eye strain, rest should relieve the discomfort. If you think your eye pain is due to wearing contact lenses, avoid wearing the lenses for a few days and see if the pain goes away. If the pain is severe, call your doctor.
Call your health care provider if
there is pain, redness, swelling, discharge, or pressure in the eye(s) that persists -- particularly if it affects vision
the pain is severe (call immediately) or if it continues for more than 2 days
the eye pain is not associated with a viral illness or eyestrain
the pain is associated with medical problems such as a history of herpes infections or a new rash
you have an immune-system deficiency
you have had recent surgery
What to expect at your health care provider's office
First your doctor will check your vision, eye movements, and the back of the eye with an ophthalmoscope. If there is major concern, you should see an ophthalmologist (a doctor who specializes in eye problems).
To better understand the source of the pain, your doctor may ask:
Are both eyes involved?
Is the pain in the eye or around the eye?
Does it feel like something is in your eye?
Does your eye burn or throb?
Did the pain begin suddenly?
Is the pain worse when you move your eyes?
What other symptoms do you have?
The following diagnostic tests may be performed:
A slit-lamp examination
If glaucoma is suspected, eye pressure will be checked.
Pain in the eye (that is not due to injury) may be described as a burning, throbbing, aching, or stabbing sensation in or around the eye. It may also feel as if there is a foreign body in the eye.
Alternative Names
Ophthalmalgia; Pain - eye
Considerations
A feeling of tiredness in the eyes or some discomfort after a long period of work (eye strain) are generally minor problems and do not really qualify as eye pain. This may be due to an improper prescription for glasses or a muscle imbalance.
Pain in the eye, while not a common complaint, can be an important symptom that should be evaluated and treated if pain does not improve. It is important to try to describe the pain as much as possible.
Common Causes
A wide variety of disorders can cause pain in or around the eye. In general, if the pain is persistent, severe, or associated with decreased vision, seek medical attention. Any severe pain or pain associated with vision loss should be considered an emergency and seen immediately by a doctor.
Some of the problems that can cause eye pain are:
a problem in the eye itself (an infection, irritation, or injury such as a corneal abrasion)
a migraine headache (severe pain behind the eye)
sinus problems (pain either above or below the eye)
contact lens complications
eye surgery
a stye (hordeolum) can create eye pain that increases as the stye grows
conjunctivitis (pink eye) or any inflammation of the upper and lower lids
pain in both eyes, particularly upon exposure to bright light (photophobia) (common with many viral infections such as the flu; will go away as the infection improves)
glaucoma (a less-common type called narrow angle glaucoma can be very painful)
burns
Home Care
If the problem is eye strain, rest should relieve the discomfort. If you think your eye pain is due to wearing contact lenses, avoid wearing the lenses for a few days and see if the pain goes away. If the pain is severe, call your doctor.
Call your health care provider if
there is pain, redness, swelling, discharge, or pressure in the eye(s) that persists -- particularly if it affects vision
the pain is severe (call immediately) or if it continues for more than 2 days
the eye pain is not associated with a viral illness or eyestrain
the pain is associated with medical problems such as a history of herpes infections or a new rash
you have an immune-system deficiency
you have had recent surgery
What to expect at your health care provider's office
First your doctor will check your vision, eye movements, and the back of the eye with an ophthalmoscope. If there is major concern, you should see an ophthalmologist (a doctor who specializes in eye problems).
To better understand the source of the pain, your doctor may ask:
Are both eyes involved?
Is the pain in the eye or around the eye?
Does it feel like something is in your eye?
Does your eye burn or throb?
Did the pain begin suddenly?
Is the pain worse when you move your eyes?
What other symptoms do you have?
The following diagnostic tests may be performed:
A slit-lamp examination
If glaucoma is suspected, eye pressure will be checked.
Autism
Definition
Autism is a complex developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, although it is sometimes diagnosed much later. It affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills.
Autism is a spectrum that encompasses a wide range of behavior. The common features include impaired social interactions, impaired verbal and nonverbal communication, and restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior.
The symptoms may vary from moderate to severe. Two related, milder conditions are Asperger syndrome and "pervasive development disorder not otherwise specified" (PDD-NOS).
Alternative Names
Pervasive developmental disorder - autism
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Autism is a physical condition linked to abnormal biology and chemistry in the brain. The exact causes of these abnormalities remain unknown, but this is a very active area of research. There are probably a combination of factors that lead to autism.
Genetic factors seem to be important. For example, identical twins are much more likely than fraternal twins or siblings to both have autism. Similarly, language abnormalities are more common in relatives of autistic children. Chromosomal abnormalities and other neurological problems are also more common in families with autism.
A number of other possible causes have been suspected, but not proven. They involve digestive tract changes, diet, mercury poisoning, vaccine sensitivity, and the body's inefficient use of vitamins and minerals.
The exact number of children with Autism is not known, but estimates suggest that roughly 1 in 1,000 children are affected. Autism affects boys 3 to 4 times more often than girls. Family income, education, and lifestyle do not seem to affect the risk of autism.
Some parents have heard that the MMR vaccine that children receive may cause autism. This theory was based, in part, on two facts. First, the incidence of autism has increased steadily since around the same time the MMR vaccine was introduced. Second, children with the regressive form of autism (a type of autism that develops after a period of normal development) tend to start to show symptoms around the time the MMR vaccine is given. This is likely a coincidence due to the age of children at the time they receive this vaccine.
Several major studies have found NO connection between the vaccine and autism, however. The American Academy of Pediatrics and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention report that there is no proven link between autism and the MMR vaccine.
Some doctors attribute the increased incidence in autism to newer definitions of autism. The term "autism" now includes a wider spectrum of children. For example, a child who is diagnosed with high-functioning autism today may have been thought to simply be odd or strange 30 years ago.
Symptoms
Most parents of autistic children suspect that something is wrong by the time the child is 18 months old and seek help by the time the child is 2. Children with autism typically have difficulties in verbal and nonverbal communication, social interactions, and pretend play. In some, aggression -- toward others or self -- may be present.
Some children with autism appear normal before age 1 or 2 and then suddenly "regress" and lose language or social skills they had previously gained. This is called the regressive type of autism.
People with autism may perform repeated body movements, show unusual attachments to objects or have unusual distress when routines are changed. Individuals may also experience sensitivities in the senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste. Such children, for example, will refuse to wear "itchy" clothes and become unduly distressed if forced because of the sensitivity of their skin. Some combination of the following areas may be affected in varying degrees.
Communication:
Is unable to start or sustain a social conversation
Develops language slowly or not at all
Repeats words or memorized passages, like commercials
Doesn't refer to self correctly (for example, says "you want water" when the child means "I want water")
Uses nonsense rhyming
Communicates with gestures instead of words
Social interaction:
Shows a lack of empathy
Does not make friends
Is withdrawn
Prefers to spend time alone, rather than with others
May not respond to eye contact or smiles
May actually avoid eye contact
May treat others as if they are objects
Does not play interactive games
Response to sensory information:
Has heightened or low senses of sight, hearing, touch, smell, or taste
Seems to have a heightened or low response to pain
May withdraw from physical contact because it is overstimulating or overwhelming
Does not startle at loud noises
May find normal noises painful and hold hands over ears
Rubs surfaces, mouths or licks objects
Play:
Shows little pretend or imaginative play
Doesn't imitate the actions of others
Prefers solitary or ritualistic play
Behaviors:
Has a short attention span
Uses repetitive body movements
Shows a strong need for sameness
"Acts up" with intense tantrums
Has very narrow interests
Demonstrates perseveration (gets stuck on a single topic or task)
Shows aggression to others or self
Is overactive or very passive
Signs and tests
All children should have routine developmental exams by their pediatrician. Further testing may be needed if there is concern on the part of the clinician or the parents. This is particularly true whenever a child fails to meet any of the following language milestones:
Babbling by 12 months
Gesturing (pointing, waving bye-bye) by 12 months
Single words by 16 months
Two-word spontaneous phrases by 24 months (not just echoing)
Loss of any language or social skills at any age.
These children might receive a hearing evaluation, a blood lead test, and a screening test for autism (such as the Checklist for Autism in Toddlers (CHAT) or the Autism Screening Questionnaire).
A health care provider experienced in the diagnosis and treatment of autism is usually necessary for the actual diagnosis. Because there is no biological test for autism, the diagnosis will often be based on very specific criteria laid out in a book called the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual IV.
The other pervasive developmental disorders include:
Asperger syndrome (like autism, but with normal language development)
Rett syndrome (very different from autism, and only occurs in females)
Childhood disintegrative disorder (rare condition where a child acquires skills, then loses them by age 10)
Pervasive developmental disorder - not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), also called atypical autism.
An evaluation of autism will often include a complete physical and neurologic examination. It may also include a specific diagnostic screening tool, such as:
Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R)
Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS)
Childhood Autism rating Scale (CARS)
Gilliam Autism Rating Scale
Pervasive Developmental Disorders Screening Test-Stage 3
Children with known or suspected autism will often have genetic testing (looking for chromosome abnormalities) and perhaps metabolic testing.
Autism encompasses a broad spectrum of symptoms. Therefore, a single, brief evaluation cannot predict a child's true abilities. Ideally, a team of different specialists will evaluate the child. They might evaluate speech, language, communication, thinking abilities, motor skills, success at school, and other factors.
Sometimes people are reluctant to have a child diagnosed because of concerns about labeling the child. However, failure to make a diagnosis can lead to failure to get the treatment and services the child needs.
Treatment
An early, intensive, appropriate treatment program will greatly improve the outlook for most young children with autism. Most programs will build on the interests of the child in a highly structured schedule of constructive activities. Visual aids are often helpful.
Treatment is most successful when geared toward the child's particular needs. An experienced specialist or team should design the individualized program. A variety of effective therapies are available, including applied behavior analysis (ABA), speech-language therapy, medications, occupational therapy, and physical therapy. Sensory integration and vision therapy are also common, but there is little research supporting their effectiveness. The best treatment plan may use a combination of techniques.
Acne
Definition
Acne is a skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and inflamed red pimples or "zits." Acne is generaly seen when you are child.
Alternative Names
Acne vulgaris; Comedones; Cystic acne; Pimples; Zits
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Acne occurs when tiny holes on the surface of the skin called pores become clogged. Each pore is an opening to a canal called a follicle, which contains a hair and an oil gland. Normally, the oil glands help keep the skin lubricated and help remove old skin cells. When glands produce too much oil, the pores can become blocked, accumulating dirt, debris, and bacteria. The blockage is called a plug or comedone.
The top of the plug may be white (whitehead) or dark (blackhead). If it ruptures, the material inside, including oil and bacteria, can spread to the surrounding area and cause an inflammatory reaction. If the inflammation is deep in your skin, the pimples may enlarge to form firm, painful cysts.
Acne commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but may also occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks.
Acne is most common in teenagers, but it can happen at an age, even as an infant. Three out of four teenagers have acne to some extent, probably caused by hormonal changes that stimulate oil production. However, people in their 30s and 40s may also have acne.
Acne tends to run in families and can be triggered by:
Hormonal changes related to menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills, or stress
Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products
Certain drugs (such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen, and phenytoin)
High levels of humidity and sweating
Despite the popular belief that chocolate, nuts, and other foods cause acne, this does not seem to be true.
Symptoms
Whiteheads
Blackheads
Pustules
Cysts
Redness around the skin eruptions
Inflammation around the skin eruptions
Crusting of skin eruptions
Scarring of the skin
Signs and tests
Your doctor can diagnose acne based on the appearance of the skin. Testing is usually not required.
Treatment
Take the following self-care steps to lessen the effects of acne:
Clean your skin gently with a mild, non-drying soap (like Dove, Neutrogena, or Basics.) Remove all dirt or make-up. Wash once or twice a day, including after exercising. However, avoid excessive or repeated skin washing.
Shampoo your hair daily, especially if it's oily. Comb or pull your hair back to keep the hair out of your face. Avoid tight headbands.
Try not to squeeze, scratch, pick, or rub the pimples. Although it might be tempting to do this, it can lead to scarring and skin infections.
Avoid touching your face with your hands or fingers.
Avoid greasy cosmetics or creams. Look for water-based or "non-comedogenic" formulas. Take make-up off at night.
If these steps do not clear up the blemishes to an acceptable level, try over-the-counter acne medications. These creams and lotions are applied directly to the skin. They may contain benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, or salicylic acid. They work by killing bacteria, drying up the oil, and causing your skin to peel.
If the pimples are still a problem, a dermatologist can prescribe stronger medications and discuss other options with you.
Prescription medicines include:
Oral antibiotics (taken by mouth) such as minocycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline
Topical antibiotics (applied to the skin) such as clindamycin or erythromycin
Synthetic vitamin A derivatives called retinoids such as retinoic acid cream or gel (Retin-A) and isotretinoin pills (Accutane) -- pregnant women and sexually active adolescent females should NOT take Accutane, as it causes severe birth defects
Prescription formulas of benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, salicylic acid
Birth control pills can sometimes help clear up acne. (In some cases, though, they may make it worse.)
Your doctor may also suggest chemical skin peeling, removal of scars by dermabrasion, or removal or drainage of cysts.
A small amount of sun exposure may improve acne. However, excessive exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet rays is not recommended because it increases the risk of skin cancer.
Expectations (prognosis)
Acne usually subsides after adolescence, but may last into middle age. The condition generally responds well to treatment after a few weeks, but may flare up from time to time. Scarring may occur if severe acne is not treated. Some people, especially teenagers, can become significantly depressed if acne is not treated.
Calling your health care provider
Your should consult to a doctor about it. Call your doctor or a dermatologist if:
Self-care measures and over-the-counter medicine have not helped after several months.
Your acne is severe (for example, you have lots of redness around the pimples or you have cysts) or getting worse.
You develop scars as the your acne clears up.
For infant acne, call your pediatrician if it does not clear up on its own in 3 months.
Acne is a skin condition characterized by whiteheads, blackheads, and inflamed red pimples or "zits." Acne is generaly seen when you are child.
Alternative Names
Acne vulgaris; Comedones; Cystic acne; Pimples; Zits
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
Acne occurs when tiny holes on the surface of the skin called pores become clogged. Each pore is an opening to a canal called a follicle, which contains a hair and an oil gland. Normally, the oil glands help keep the skin lubricated and help remove old skin cells. When glands produce too much oil, the pores can become blocked, accumulating dirt, debris, and bacteria. The blockage is called a plug or comedone.
The top of the plug may be white (whitehead) or dark (blackhead). If it ruptures, the material inside, including oil and bacteria, can spread to the surrounding area and cause an inflammatory reaction. If the inflammation is deep in your skin, the pimples may enlarge to form firm, painful cysts.
Acne commonly appears on the face and shoulders, but may also occur on the trunk, arms, legs, and buttocks.
Acne is most common in teenagers, but it can happen at an age, even as an infant. Three out of four teenagers have acne to some extent, probably caused by hormonal changes that stimulate oil production. However, people in their 30s and 40s may also have acne.
Acne tends to run in families and can be triggered by:
Hormonal changes related to menstrual periods, pregnancy, birth control pills, or stress
Greasy or oily cosmetic and hair products
Certain drugs (such as steroids, testosterone, estrogen, and phenytoin)
High levels of humidity and sweating
Despite the popular belief that chocolate, nuts, and other foods cause acne, this does not seem to be true.
Symptoms
Whiteheads
Blackheads
Pustules
Cysts
Redness around the skin eruptions
Inflammation around the skin eruptions
Crusting of skin eruptions
Scarring of the skin
Signs and tests
Your doctor can diagnose acne based on the appearance of the skin. Testing is usually not required.
Treatment
Take the following self-care steps to lessen the effects of acne:
Clean your skin gently with a mild, non-drying soap (like Dove, Neutrogena, or Basics.) Remove all dirt or make-up. Wash once or twice a day, including after exercising. However, avoid excessive or repeated skin washing.
Shampoo your hair daily, especially if it's oily. Comb or pull your hair back to keep the hair out of your face. Avoid tight headbands.
Try not to squeeze, scratch, pick, or rub the pimples. Although it might be tempting to do this, it can lead to scarring and skin infections.
Avoid touching your face with your hands or fingers.
Avoid greasy cosmetics or creams. Look for water-based or "non-comedogenic" formulas. Take make-up off at night.
If these steps do not clear up the blemishes to an acceptable level, try over-the-counter acne medications. These creams and lotions are applied directly to the skin. They may contain benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, or salicylic acid. They work by killing bacteria, drying up the oil, and causing your skin to peel.
If the pimples are still a problem, a dermatologist can prescribe stronger medications and discuss other options with you.
Prescription medicines include:
Oral antibiotics (taken by mouth) such as minocycline, doxycycline, and tetracycline
Topical antibiotics (applied to the skin) such as clindamycin or erythromycin
Synthetic vitamin A derivatives called retinoids such as retinoic acid cream or gel (Retin-A) and isotretinoin pills (Accutane) -- pregnant women and sexually active adolescent females should NOT take Accutane, as it causes severe birth defects
Prescription formulas of benzoyl peroxide, sulfur, resorcinol, salicylic acid
Birth control pills can sometimes help clear up acne. (In some cases, though, they may make it worse.)
Your doctor may also suggest chemical skin peeling, removal of scars by dermabrasion, or removal or drainage of cysts.
A small amount of sun exposure may improve acne. However, excessive exposure to sunlight or ultraviolet rays is not recommended because it increases the risk of skin cancer.
Expectations (prognosis)
Acne usually subsides after adolescence, but may last into middle age. The condition generally responds well to treatment after a few weeks, but may flare up from time to time. Scarring may occur if severe acne is not treated. Some people, especially teenagers, can become significantly depressed if acne is not treated.
Calling your health care provider
Your should consult to a doctor about it. Call your doctor or a dermatologist if:
Self-care measures and over-the-counter medicine have not helped after several months.
Your acne is severe (for example, you have lots of redness around the pimples or you have cysts) or getting worse.
You develop scars as the your acne clears up.
For infant acne, call your pediatrician if it does not clear up on its own in 3 months.
Aspirin (rectal)
What is the most important information I should know about aspirin rectal? This medication comes with patient instructions for using the rectal suppository. Follow these directions carefully. Ask your doctor or pharmacist if you have any questions. Try to empty your bowel and bladder just before using the aspirin rectal suppository. This is important that try to use the medicine at a time when you can lie down afterward and hold the medicine in. Avoid using the bathroom during this time. It may be best to use this medicine at bedtime. Remove the outer wrapper from the suppository before inserting it. Avoid handling the suppository too long or it will melt in your hands.
What is aspirin rectal? Aspirin is in a group of drugs called salicylates. It works by reducing substances in the body that cause pain and inflammation. Aspirin also reduces fever. Aspirin rectal is used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. Aspirin is also used to treat the symptoms of arthritis and rheumatic fever. Aspirin rectal may also be used for purposes other than those listed in this medication guide. What should I discuss with my health care provider before using aspirin rectal? Before using aspirin rectal, tell your doctor if you are allergic to any drugs, foods, or dyes, or if you have: Kawasaki disease; a bleeding or blood clotting such as hemophilia; glaucoma; a stomach ulcer or bleeding; a weak immune system; kidney disease.
If you have any of these conditions, you may not be able to use promethazine rectal, or you may need a dosage adjustment or special tests during treatment.
How should you can use aspirin rectal? Use this medication exactly as directed on the label, or as it has been prescribed by your doctor. It is not so important but it is better if you ask your doctor before you use it. Do not use the medication in larger or smaller amounts, or use it for longer than recommended. This medication comes with patient instructions for using the rectal suppository. Follow these directions carefully. Try to empty your bowel and bladder just before using the aspirin rectal suppository. Try to use the medicine at a time when you can lie down afterward and hold the medicine in. Avoid using the bathroom during this time. It may be best to use this medicine at bedtime. Remove the outer wrapper from the suppository before inserting it. Avoid handling the suppository too long or it will melt in your hands. For best results from the suppository, lie down after inserting it and hold in the suppository for a few minutes. The suppository will melt quickly once inserted and you should feel little or no discomfort while holding it in. Avoid using the bathroom just after you have inserted the suppository.
What happens if I miss a dose? Since aspirin rectal is sometimes used as needed, you may not be on a dosing schedule. If you are using the medication regularly, use the missed dose as soon as you remember. If it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and wait until your next regularly scheduled dose. Do not be quick to use it and do not use extra medicine to make up the missed dose. Where can I get more information?Your pharmacist has information about aspirin rectal written for health professionals that you may read.
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